Setup and Walk-through

Setup and Walk-through#

Profiling Tutorial#

Profiling is the first step in making your programs faster. In this tutorial, we will learn how to measure latency and find the bottleneck in your program.

Obtaining and Running the Code#

Login to Biglab and clone the ese532_code repository using the following command:

git clone https://github.com/icgrp/ese532_code.git

If you already have it cloned, pull in the latest changes using:

cd ese532_code/
git pull origin master

You will find the hw2 code in the hw2 directory. The code for this tutorial is under hw2/tutorial. The code you will use for homework submission is under hw2/assignment.

Build and run the tutorial using:

cd ese532_code/hw2/tutorial
make
./rendering

Measuring Latency#

You can measure latency in many different ways—instrumenting the code vs sampling-based profiling, using system timer vs using hardware timer etc. (review these slides and learn about clock sources here). However, the end goal is the same; which is to answer where is the bottleneck?

In this tutorial, we will show you how you can use the system timer to measure latency in seconds for parts of your program. We’ll then demonstrate how you can use linux gprof to automatically instrument your code and get profiling information.

Instrumentation-based Profiling with Timers#

In C++, you can use std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() from <chrono>. For example:

std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::high_resolution_clock> start_time, end_time;
start_time = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
// code to measure
end_time = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(end_time-start_time).count();   
std::cout << "elapsed time: " << elapsed << " ns." << std::endl;

Note that we need nanoseconds resolution. Combining what we have with a little bit of C++ syntax, we can create a class called stopwatch in stopwatch.h like so:

#ifndef STOPWATCH_H_
#define STOPWATCH_H_

#include <chrono>

class stopwatch
{
  public:
    double total_time, calls;
    std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::high_resolution_clock> start_time, end_time;
    stopwatch() : total_time(0), calls(0) {};

    inline void reset() {
      total_time = 0;
      calls = 0;
    }

    inline void start() {
      start_time = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
      calls++;
    };

    inline void stop() {
      end_time = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
      auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(end_time-start_time).count();
      total_time += static_cast<double>(elapsed);
    };

    // return latency in ns
    inline double latency() {
      return total_time;
    };

    // return latency in ns
    inline double avg_latency() {
      return (total_time / calls);
    };
};
#endif

You can then use this class in src/sw/rendering_sw.cpp as follows:

#include <cstdint>
#include <iostream>
#include "stopwatch.h"

// processing NUM_3D_TRI 3D triangles
stopwatch time_projection;
stopwatch time_rasterization1;
stopwatch time_rasterization2;
stopwatch time_zculling;
stopwatch time_coloringFB;
stopwatch total_time;

// processing NUM_3D_TRI 3D triangles
TRIANGLES: for (int i = 0; i < NUM_3D_TRI; i ++ )
{
  total_time.start();

  // five stages for processing each 3D triangle
  time_projection.start();
  projection( triangle_3ds[i], &triangle_2ds, angle );
  time_projection.stop();

  time_rasterization1.start();
  bool flag = rasterization1(triangle_2ds, max_min, max_index);
  time_rasterization1.stop();

  time_rasterization2.start();
  int size_fragment = rasterization2( flag, max_min, max_index, triangle_2ds, fragment );
  time_rasterization2.stop();

  time_zculling.start();
  int size_pixels = zculling( i, fragment, size_fragment, pixels);
  time_zculling.stop();

  time_coloringFB.start();
  coloringFB ( i, size_pixels, pixels, output);
  time_coloringFB.stop();

  total_time.stop();
}
std::cout << "Total latency of projection is: " << time_projection.latency() << " ns." << std::endl;
std::cout << "Total latency of rasterization1 is: " << time_rasterization1.latency() << " ns." << std::endl;
std::cout << "Total latency of rasterization2 is: " << time_rasterization2.latency() << " ns." << std::endl;
std::cout << "Total latency of zculling is: " << time_zculling.latency() << " ns." << std::endl;
std::cout << "Total latency of coloringFB is: " << time_coloringFB.latency() << " ns." << std::endl;
std::cout << "Total time taken by the loop is: " << total_time.latency() << " ns." << std::endl;
std::cout << "---------------------------------------------------------------" << std::endl;
std::cout << "Average latency of projection per loop iteration is: " << time_projection.avg_latency() << " ns." << std::endl;
std::cout << "Average latency of rasterization1 per loop iteration is: " << time_rasterization1.avg_latency() << " ns." << std::endl;
std::cout << "Average latency of rasterization2 per loop iteration is: " << time_rasterization2.avg_latency() << " ns." << std::endl;
std::cout << "Average latency of zculling per loop iteration is: " << time_zculling.avg_latency() << " ns." << std::endl;
std::cout << "Average latency of coloringFB per loop iteration is: " << time_coloringFB.avg_latency() << " ns." << std::endl;
std::cout << "Average latency of each loop iteration is: " << total_time.avg_latency() << " ns." << std::endl;

Recompile the program using make and run ./rendering. You should see results similar to the following:

[ec2-user@ip-172-31-40-51 hw2_profiling_tutorial]$ ./rendering
3D Rendering Application
Total latency of projection is: 154140 ns.
Total latency of rasterization1 is: 191497 ns.
Total latency of rasterization2 is: 1.5305e+06 ns.
Total latency of zculling is: 364093 ns.
Total latency of coloringFB is: 263400 ns.
Total time taken by the loop is: 3.36578e+06 ns.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Average latency of projection per loop iteration is: 48.2895 ns.
Average latency of rasterization1 per loop iteration is: 59.9928 ns.
Average latency of rasterization2 per loop iteration is: 479.48 ns.
Average latency of zculling per loop iteration is: 114.064 ns.
Average latency of coloringFB per loop iteration is: 82.5188 ns.
Average latency of each loop iteration is: 1054.44 ns.
Writing output...
Check output.txt for a bunny!

Tip

Note that the print statements are carefully placed outside of the timing region. Print statements are generally very slow, and we do not want their time to contaminate our measurement.

From the results, we can see rasterization2 has the highest latency and is a good candidate for optimization.

For our assignments, the stopwatch class we built here should suffice. If you would like to try out something fancier, check out google/benchmark!

Profiling using GNU gprof#

gprof is a tool in the GNU toolchain that can automatically instrument every function in your code and give you the timing breakdown of your program.

To enable it, you’ll have to compile your program first with the -pg flag. This instruments the functions in your code. Next, you’ll run the program, which will output a file called gmon.out, which gprof uses to prepare the statistics. Finally, you would use gprof -p executable-name to see the statistics (-p option is for limiting the verbose output of gprof).

Run it on our program as follows:

make gprof

You’ll see the following output:

g++ -pg -Wall -g -O2 -Wno-unused-label -I/src/sw/ -I/src/host/ -o rendering_instrumented ./src/host/3d_rendering_host.cpp ./src/host/utils.cpp ./src/host/check_result.cpp ./src/sw/rendering_sw.cpp  
Executable rendering_instrumented compiled!
Running ./rendering_instrumented to get gmon.out for gprof...
3D Rendering Application
Writing output...
Check output.txt for a bunny!
Running gprof ./rendering_instrumented...
Flat profile:

Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
  %   cumulative   self              self     total           
 time   seconds   seconds    calls  us/call  us/call  name    
 43.93      0.25     0.25 80438400     0.00     0.00  pixel_in_triangle(unsigned char, unsigned char, Triangle_2D)
 26.36      0.40     0.15   319200     0.47     1.26  rasterization2(bool, unsigned char*, int*, Triangle_2D, CandidatePixel*)
 22.84      0.53     0.13   319200     0.41     0.41  coloringFB(int, int, Pixel*, unsigned char (*) [256])
  7.03      0.57     0.04   319200     0.13     0.13  zculling(int, CandidatePixel*, int, Pixel*)
  0.00      0.57     0.00   319200     0.00     0.00  projection(Triangle_3D, Triangle_2D*, int)
  0.00      0.57     0.00   319200     0.00     0.00  rasterization1(Triangle_2D, unsigned char*, int*)
  0.00      0.57     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z13check_resultsPA256_h
  0.00      0.57     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z15check_clockwise11Triangle_2D
...

You can see that here gprof is able to pick out the most computationally intensive task (note that pixel_in_triangle is used by rasterization2), however it otherwise differs rather significantly from when we previously instrumented the code with timers. This is because of how gprof estimates time spent in a function. It samples the cpu’s program counter every 0.01 seconds, and from that determines which function it is inside, and for how long. Because the functions in this particular benchmark run so quickly relative to the sampling rate, gprof cannot adequately estimate their runtimes. To help alleviate this, you will notice that the code that was actually profiled looks like as follows:

TRIANGLES: for (int i = 0; i < NUM_3D_TRI; i ++ )
  {
    // five stages for processing each 3D triangle
    for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
      projection( triangle_3ds[i], &triangle_2ds, angle );
    }

    for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
      flag = rasterization1(triangle_2ds, max_min, max_index);
    }

    for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
      size_fragment = rasterization2( flag, max_min, max_index, triangle_2ds, fragment );
    }

    for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
      size_pixels = zculling( i, fragment, size_fragment, pixels);
    }

    for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
      coloringFB ( i, size_pixels, pixels, output);
    }
  }

We ran each function 100 times so as to get more sample hits within each function, which helps to some degree, however in this case there is still a great deal of inaccuracy. You can learn more about sampling errors with gprof here. Also, be sure to refer to the manual to find out about more command line options, and how to interpret gprof’s output. When working through the homework, you should find that the functions’ runtimes are long enough that gprof should work reasonably well without the need for adding loops like in the example above.

The application we showed you is slow enough for std::chrono to measure accurately. When the resolution of your system timer is not fine-grained enough, or your function is too fast, you should measure the function for a longer period of time.